Is full vertical integration at origin the answer to a fairer cacao industry? Starting from Choco Estates' model in Ecuador, this article looks beyond the promise of full vertical integration to examine direct trade, farmer income, bean-to-bar chocolate, and what “fair” value distribution actually means across the cacao supply chain.

Discover the genetic diversity, fine-flavor reputation, and growing international recognition of Colombian cacao through an in-depth exploration of Cacao Macondo.